مجله پژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter and height growth of two native species of alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) and willow (Salix alba L.) planted in three treatments including natural mulches of straw, wood chips and bare soil without mulch (as control) treatments. The design of the experiments was in the form of split plots and in the form of completely random blocks located in Chamestan, Mazandaran. The results showed that the regression relationships between diameter and height in alder species were better than those of willow species completely randomly. The study area was in parcels 5 of series 3 district of Surdar -Watashan forestry plan in watershed 49 of forests in the north of the country. The regression coefficient for the independent variable of diameter and dependent variable of height was 0.65 in alder and 0.42 in willow. The results showed that the regression relationship between diameter and height in alder was better than willow species. According to the results of variance analysis, the blocks and treatments did not have a statistically significant difference. The wood chips treatment created the best situation, and after that, the straw treatment and finally the control treatment (bare soil) had a more unfavorable situation than the other treatments. Finally, alder had more favorable conditions for adaptation to the applied bioengineering conditions of the present study vs. willow.

In recent years, environmental contamination with plastics has become one of the biggest concerns of various communities. Microplastics (MPs) are plastics less than 5 mm in size. MPs remain in the environment for thousands of years without decomposing. However, accurate analytical methods for the detection and characterization of MPs are scarce. In this descriptive-review study, based on the studies of various researchers and the papers of recent years, this contamination has been introduced and its adverse effects on human health and different environments have been discussed. The results of the studies have shown that microplastic contamination of salt has been reported significantly between four different sources: sea salt 0-1674, lake salt 8-468 and well rock salt 0-204 microplastic per kg (MPs/kg). The number of MPs in untreated water is 1437±34 to 3605±497 particles per liter and in general, the amount of microplastics in treated water is about 83% less than untreated water generally. The length and diameter should be considered when reporting the presence of MPs because the diameter is significant for respiration, while length plays a vital in durability and toxicity. Although the adverse health effects of microplastics have not been fully revealed, but the transfer of chemicals from microplastics to living organisms is a significant concern, and a better understanding of the potential dangers of microplastics is essential to human health.

Increasing agricultural production due to rapid population growth and consequently increasing water demand in recent decades has led to uncontrolled withdrawal and drop in groundwater levels in Hamadan-Bahar plain. This has led to a sustained drop in groundwater level in the plain and it has caused it to be among the critical plains of the province. This phenomenon has caused water salinity in addition to damage to groundwater resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of groundwater salinity on potato yield. In order to investigate the effect of water salinity on potato yield, the yield function of this crop has been estimated. By random sampling method, data used from 119 farms were collected in the 2018-19 crop year and the amount of water salinity has been measured in two steps in the laboratory. Based on the criteria and the test, the production function was selected in the form of a quadratic function for estimating the relationships between variables. The results of this study indicate that with an increase of one unit in the amount of water salinity, the production of this product has decreased by 860 kg. The final productivity of water, seeds and chemical fertilizers are 0.2, 23 and -14, respectively, so, it can be said that potato farmers in Hamedan-Bahar plain use optimum amount of water, seed less than optimum amount and chemical fertilizer more than optimum amount.

The purpose of this study was to identify the status of green library components in the central libraries of the target community, clarify the role of libraries in implementing the culture of a green community and provide solutions and strategies to fill existing gaps and implement a green library. The research method is survey-descriptive. The statistical population includes the libraries of level one universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education in terms of space, equipment and manpower. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Then the data obtained were analyzed at the level of descriptive statistics with SPSS software and by calculating the mean, standard deviation, absolute frequency and frequency percentage. The research findings showed that the central library of level one university of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology and the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education are not in a good condition due to the green components and the standard lead. To have a green academic library, one should start by promoting green thinking and culture in the society, because many of our problems in this field are rooted in culture and misuse of natural and non-renewable resources. The results of the present study can inform libraries about their current situation that how they are far from the ideal situation and use the strategies presented in this study to implement a green library to have a green academic library. We do not necessarily have to start with a green building, these libraries have green missions and they can be known as the green library by implementing several green components in their library.

The study of the flora is important in management and development of natural resources because it shows the plant species presence and vegetation cover condition. The aim of this research was to identify the plant species, introducing the flora, determination of life forms, and plant geographical distribution of Kandoleh, in Kermanshah province. During vegetation growth, from 2020 we collected and identified plant species in the study region, and floristic list was provided. The results showed the collected species belong to 78 genera and 21 species in the region. The most important families were, Graminae (15.51%), Compositae (13.79%) and Leguminosae (10.3%) and Campanulaceae (9.48%) and Labiatae (8.6%). Life forms of plant species included hemicritophytosis 41.3%, tetrophytes 33.6%, chamaephytes 11.2%, Geophytes 8.6% and phanerophytes 5.1%. The high percentage of hemicritopathitis species indicated that the area has cold climate. The plants geographical distribution is related to Irano-touranian(75.57%), European- Mediterranean (15.51%), Irano-touranian/ Europe–Siberean (7.75%), cosmopolitan (3/34%), plural (3/4%), touranian (3.34%), Europe – Siberean (2.58%), Irano-touranian/ Mediterranean/ Europe – Siberean/ (1.72%), Irano-touranian/ Sahara-Sindian (0.86) Sahara-Sindian (0.86).

In order to condensing the sanitary sludge, two types of complementary centrifugal and screw press devices are usually used. In this paper, in order to increase the efficiency and maximum dewatering in the final stage of the treatment plant, plasma cavitation reactor was used. The input sample of the studied system is the output sludge of the sanitary wastewater treatment plant process of IKCO after entering the digestion tank and staying for one hour. Using a plasma cavitation reactor by rectifier, a voltage of 50 volts and a current of 110 amps was applied to 5 iron electrodes in the cavitation reactor tank with a volume of 1 m3 and the sample was tested for 8 days and every day for 8 hours. Then, the effect of the presence of cavitation reactor on the percentage of dry matter is compared with the centrifuge and multi-disc screw press system when they used alone. Based on industrial and laboratory results, a decrease of more than 80% of wet sludge (conversion of 100 m3 of sludge to about 20 m3 daily) was observed daily. Also, the COD of the outlet water from the final cavitation tank was less than 200 mg/L, also, the amount of its turbidity reached below 50 NTU after passing through sand filters in the final stages which can be used for irrigation and agriculture. Using plasma cavitation reactor was effective in reducing settling time and the final volume of wet sludge.

Wastes pollution is the source of many environmental problems. These pollutants cause water, soil and air resources pollution and destruction of natural landscapes and spread of disease, while waste disposal centers pose a threat to rural areas, despite the appropriate distance from urban centers. Determining areas suitable for landfills is one of the general strategies to deal with this crisis. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, after collecting raw layers related to 12 indicators (rural, urban, roads, water resources, floods, land use, pastures, soil, geology, faults, communication roads, etc.) and preparing distance maps and its scaling were investigated using linear software in GIS software of suitable areas for waste disposal in Qasr Shirin city due to its special location in terms of abundant water resources (mineral water and ecotourism). The results show that most of the city of Qasr Shirin is not suitable for waste disposal, these areas are shown in red in the final output of the models. Also, only the parts of the city are suitable for this purpose, which are marked in blue in the final output of the models.

One of the main indicators of hard-working countries in environmental protection is policy making towards education as the third dimension of sustainable development, which green schools play an important role as a global environmental education program based on international standards. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of the green school indicators with a sustainable architecture approach coming true in primary schools in Urmia. For this reason, the descriptive - survey method has been used. The required data were collected and analyzed by a questionnaire tool after obtaining green school indicators from the research literature. The results of the research indicate that the primary schools of Urmia have the green school indicators lower than the average.

Environmental pollution caused by the blood from packaged chicken is one of the biggest problems in the production and distribution of these products. The effect of packaging with cellulose pad and lemon extract on chicken drumstick samples was studied on some chemical, microbial and physical properties. The environmental effects of this study are also important because the compounds released from poultry waste will be reduced if microbial growth is prevented. The results showed that the effect of cellulose and the presence of extracts compared to samples without pad on blood absorption factors, inhibition of TVN increase and peroxide was significant (p <0.01). This can be due to the absorption of compounds in blood by pad and the presence of phenolic and antioxidant compounds in the extract that increase the quality of the samples containing the pad with the extract. The presence of 5% and 1% of lemon extract inhibits the increase of total microbial load and cryophilic bacteria, respectively. Examination of odor, color and total desirability results in chicken thigh samples showed that all samples were in good condition on day 0, which did not change significantly in the smell and color properties after just using the cellulose pad. However, changes in color compared to the smell of the product are more noticeable due to blood absorption and reduction of meat storage capacity over a period of 6 days. In general, over time, the samples containing the extract were in better conditions for all factors than the control samples. As a result, it will prevent the increase of microbial contamination, bloodshed and other harmful factors to the environment.

Protecting the drinking water supply chain of metropolises is one of the important issues that all countries should always pay attention to, because any incident in this supply chain can cause irreparable damages. The purpose of this study is to design an integrated management pattern of passive environmental defense in the field of drinking water supply. The current research is in the category of fundamental studies based on the purpose, and used integrated management of passive environmental defense to investigate the integrated management of passive environmental defense of supply sources, treatment plants, transmission lines and drinking water storage tanks in Rasht metropolis. Data collection was done through interviews with experts, and finally, 14 experts were selected among environmental management professors and water experts by snowball sampling method so that the views reach theoretical saturation. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for text analysis, coding (open, central and selective) and categorization and generation of categorical networks. Evaluating the views regarding solutions to reduce and deal with environmental threats in different stages of water supply in Rasht metropolis showed that the solutions can be considered from five aspects of infrastructure, policy making, cultural, technical and human. Finally, according to the data base theory and Strauss and Corbin’s model, the final model of the integrated management of passive environmental defense of drinking water supply in Rasht metropolis including causal conditions, main category, intervening conditions, background factors, strategies and consequences were presented.

Determining the trophy status is one of the assessment and analysis methods of the ecological balance of wetland ecosystems, because the sustainability and continuity of productivity based on these unique ecosystems requires proper monitoring management and control their environmental conditions because increasing nutrients affect all levels of aquatic ecosystems, including changes in species abundance, migration, reduction of biodiversity, and changes in the structure and composition of communities. Therefore, a suitable method should be used to determine the trophy status, or in other words, the production capacity of an ecosystem. Conventional methods for determining the amount of trophy are based on three physical, chemical and biological parameters. Lorestan province due to its unique construction has unique wetlands, including 11 Poldokhtar wetlands with an area of 142.7 hectares, Bishe Dalan wetland with 913.5 hectares and Tanodar wetland with an area of 1000 hectares. In this study, to evaluate the trophy status, sampling of phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) concentration or Carlson trophy index (TSI) was used in Poldokhtar, Bishe Dalan and Tanodar for summer and winter of 2019. Based on the annual average of Carlson index, Poldakhtar and Bishe Delan wetlands are in mild mesotrophic trophy conditions and Tanodar wetland is in the eutrophic category. In the wetlands of Lorestan province, the sediment load of suspended solids and water turbidity have been exceeded these wetlands limits and has had destructive effects on the unstable wetlands` body due to the annual entry of large amounts of sediment from the catchment, development of gardens, various recreational withdrawals in Boroujerd and Doroud, increasing the level of river water pollution caused by municipal and industrial wastewater, also, wastes from city and rural recreation centers and wastes from point sources of pollution such as warm water fish breeding ponds.

Population growth and urban and industrial development processes around the world have made the adoption of alternative energy sources inevitable to reduce fossil fuel consumption as well as their harmful effects on human and environmental health. Over the past decades, the expansion of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source indicates the widespread production of radioactive waste and the proper management of radioactive waste has become a vital challenge for the international community. The present study is a review study that examines the principles and processes of radioactive waste management and the factors influencing the location of radioactive waste landfills. It also emphasizes on the design of multiple engineering-natural barriers and the adoption of control-monitoring programs with legal requirements for the optimal disposal of radioactive waste to adopt efficient strategies to pay attention to various aspects of sustainability in all aspects of the environmental, social, and economic. The results of the study indicate that the processes of preparation and stabilization of hazardous waste, risk assessment, landfill site selection, the long-term safety of landfills, design of durable structures, adoption of multiple engineering-natural barrier systems, design of monitoring and control programs can reduce humans and environment vulnerability from radioactive waste landfills and can be used as effective frameworks in the radioactive waste management by designers, planners and, engineers.